Which player broke MLB's color barrier on April 15, 1947?

Which Yankees catcher, famous for his quotes like "It ain't over till it's over," won 10 World Series? Which Yankees shortstop, nicknamed "The Captain," retired in 2014? Which Yankees star gave the "Luckiest Man on the Face of the Earth" speech in 1939? Lou Gehrig's disease, which ended his career, is medically known as what? For which team did Jackie Robinson play? Which player was the first Black player in the American League, in 1947? What jersey number has been retired across all of MLB in honor of Jackie Robinson? In what year was Jackie Robinson's number 42 retired by all MLB teams?