What is associated with: by 1912 this merchants company owned more than 500 stores bearing his name across the us?

What is associated with: by 1897 this german had perfected his alternative to the otto gasoline engine? What is associated with: by 1903 this american had settled in france where she was joined by alice b toklas? What is associated with: by 1905 football had gotten so violent that this us president urged rule changes? What is associated with: by 1905 this college sport had gotten so violent tr urged important rule changes that were soo… What is associated with: by 1918 this russian born mob mastermind was running a floating crap game with bugsy siegel? What is associated with: by 1924 the phrase my flag in the pledge of allegiance had been changed to this longer phrase? What is associated with: by 1929 the year he turned 25 j op had published 15 papers in this new field of subatomic phys… Based on the clue 'by 193 rome had sunk so low juliannus bought this ...', what is the answer?