What is associated with: after observing a comet in 1682 he proved it was the same one seen in 1607 1531 1456?

What is associated with: after nearly 200 years of russian soviet rule this country regained its independence in 1991? What is referred to by 'after nevada'? What is associated with: after nuclear mutation giant ants terrorize los angeles in this 1954 classic? What is associated with: after numerous defeats in the civil war charles was beheaded in 1649 at the palace called this… What is associated with: after oct 19 1745 he would make no more modest proposals? Based on the clue 'after offending both sides in a religious dispute ...', what is the answer? What is associated with: after oil was found there in 1932 this island nation became the persian gulfs first oil rich s… Based on the clue 'after one of these cocktails using 3 different kin...', what is the answer?